Essential Oils Considered Antihistamine for Allergic Reactions

You can stop that runny nose and watery eyes naturally! The following list includes essential oils are considered antihistamine for use with allergies and allergic symptoms. Many of the foods we eat are high in histamines and we are just unaware of it. Too much histamine can cause an allergic response.  Typical symptoms of an allergic reaction are: itchy or watery eyes, hives, sneezing, rashes, fatigue, an itchy or a runny nose. A person suffering from an allergic reaction may also have swelling, blisters, and coughing.

Antihistamine: treats allergic conditions; counteracts effects of histamine (which produces capillary dilation and, in larger doses, haemoconcentration).  Histamine is a chemical compound released by mast cells – a type of white blood cell – into the bloodstream when the immune system is defending against a potential injury or allergen, such as pollen, mold, and certain foods.  Histamine supports your body’s natural response to pathogens – they create inflammatory responses to signal and boost the immune system’s fighting response. The release of histamine is a normal defense by your body that causes the contraction of smooth muscle and the dilation of capillaries, but an exaggerated histamine response can bind to cell receptor sites resulting in irritation and chronic inflammation.

If you experience any of the below symptoms, immediately consult your physician:

Trouble breathing Hives or swelling Tightness of the throat Hoarse voice Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain

Diarrhea Dizziness Fainting Low blood pressure Rapid heartbeat Feeling of doom Cardiac arrest

Understanding Allergies: Types of Allergic Reactions

TYPE I, hypersensitivity reaction, or anaphylactic reactions:

Type I reactions are mediated by proteins called IgE antibodies produced by the immune system. These are produced in response to the allergens such as pollen, animal dander or dust mites, or even certain foods. This causes the release of histamine and other chemicals causing inflammation and swelling.  Type I is the most widely known type of allergic reaction and includes anaphylaxis; this is where the body reacts to a stimulus, or allergen, leading to swelling of the airways, and cardiovascular and other organ system effects. True anaphylaxis is uncommon.  Anaphylaxis is the most severe form and is a medical emergency because it can lead to a sudden, life-threatening respiratory failure. People with anaphylaxis have extreme difficulty in breathing, swelling, low blood pressure, bluish skin and shock.

• ANAPHYLAXIS (ALLERGIC SHOCK)
• Allergic conjunctivitis (eye inflammation)
• Allergic dermatitis
• Allergic rhinitis (allergic rhinitis (hay fever) which is caused by pollen, grass, weed, and molds)
• Animal dander or dust mites (caused by substances in pet’s hair and fur)
• Bee, wasp and insect sting reactions
• Bronchial asthma
• Drugs, Penicillin, drug, topical lotions and creams
• Exposed to poison ivy, poison oak (itching, blistering, swelling)
• Fingertip dermatitis and dental implants (allergic  reactions due to acrylates used in hair extensions, nail cosmetics, and dentistry)
• Food allergies (food allergies to nuts, shellfish, and dairy products, and more)
• Fragrances and perfumes
• Latex allergic reaction to the rubber accelerator chemicals used in manufacturing (rubber/latex gloves, etc.)
• Nickel
• Reaction to methylisothiazolinone  (a preservative in wash-off hair products, and baby wipes)

TYPE II or cytotoxic reactions:

This type of allergic reaction is mediated by proteins called IgG and IgM antibodies. The antibodies involved in TYPE II reaction damage cells by activating a component of immunity called the complement system.

TYPE II allergic reactions can be seen in certain conditions like:

• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia – (hemolytic anemia is a form of anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells, either in the blood vessels or elsewhere in the human body)
• Immune thrombocytopenia (Immune thrombocytopenia is a bleeding problem that happens because you don’t have enough platelets to make your blood clot that can lead to easy or excessive bruising and bleeding)
• Autoimmune neutropenia (Autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) is a rare entity caused by antibodies directed against neutrophil-specific antigens. It includes primary and secondary autoimmune neutropenia. Acute autoimmune neutropenia can be related to drug-induced mechanism or viral infections)

TYPE III or immunocomplex reactions:

Type III reactions are also mediated by proteins i.e. IgM and IgG antibodies. These antibodies react with the allergen to form immunocomplexes (antigen-antibody complexes). These complexes are responsible for the reaction.

TYPE III allergic reactions can be seen in:

• Lupus (disease that occurs when your body’s immune system attacks your own tissues and organs (autoimmune disease). Inflammation caused by lupus can affect many different body systems — including your joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart and lungs)
• Serum sickness (although rare, serum sickness-like reactions have been documented to occur following the administration of many antibiotics and are an important cause of fever, arthritis, and rash in both children and adults. The symptoms of serum sickness arise as a result of the formation of immune complexes between human proteins and heterologous (nonhuman) proteins. Medications containing heterologous antigens are the most common cause of serum sickness and include vaccinations (i.e., Rabies), immune modulating agents (i.e., rituximab, infliximab) and anti-venoms.)
• Arthus reaction (Arthus reactions are characterized by severe pain, swelling, induration, edema, hemorrhage, and occasionally by necrosis. These symptoms and signs usually occur 4-12 hours after vaccination.)

 TYPE IV or cell-mediated reactions:

TYPE IV allergic reactions are also called the delayed type of hypersensitivity or allergic reactions as they occur after at least 24 hours of exposure to the allergen. These reactions typically take 48-72 hours or longer to appear after contact with the allergen. TYPE IV allergic response is a cell-mediated reaction that can occur in response to contact with certain allergens resulting in what is called contact dermatitis or in response to some diagnostic procedures as in the tuberculin skin test.  Many long-term infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and fungal infections (e.g., Ringworm, Athlete’s Foot, Jock Itch, Nail Fungus), show cell-mediated reactions. Certain skin sensitivity reactions esp. to metals may also belong to this type.  Certain viral infections, when exposed to certain drugs, can trigger a reaction, such as cytomegalovirus with antibiotics, Epstein Barr virus with amoxicillin, and herpesvirus 6 with anticonvulsants. Allopurinol and, more recently, lamotrigine have been implicated in type IV hypersensitivity reactions. Latex exposure can cause both type I and type IV hypersensitivity reactions in susceptible patients.

Essential Oil General Safety Information: 

Essential Oils (EOs) are highly concentrated extractions of plants and can be harmful if not used carefully. Incorporating EOs into your lifestyle should not cause unnecessary work, but it is important to heed all safety precautions. Never take EOs internally, even if a label say it is safe for consumption by mouth. Never put undiluted EOs directly onto your skin (NEAT) to avoid sensitization of skin, and never apply NEAT to broken skin. Some EOs can cause irritation, sensitization or allergic reactions in some individuals. When using a new oil topically for the first time, perform a skin patch test on a small area of the skin. Some EOs are phototoxic and can cause irritation, inflammation, blistering, redness and/or burning when exposed to UVA rays of the sun. Discontinue using EOs immediately if you encounter any irritation, redness or reaction. Take care when adding EOs directly to bathwater. EOs do not stayed mixed in water, and can, therefore “pool” causing the EO to touch body areas in full strength with the potential for irritation. Some EOs should be avoided during pregnancy or by those with asthma, epilepsy, or other health conditions. Avoid using EOs near the genitals, mouth, nose, eyes and ears. Extreme caution should be used with children and elderly (due to medication mix). Care should be taken when using EOs near animals as not all EOs are safe to use on dogs, cats, birds, horses or other pets. EOs are flammable; keep them away from fire hazards. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These oils are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Essential Oils Considered Antihistamine for Allergic Reactions

TYPES I – IV:  Where authors, practitioners and resources have made the TYPE known in their work, the type as related to the essential oil has been noted.

• Atlas Cedarwood – Cedrus atlantica sometimes simply called cedarwood (check for the botanical name to be sure)  – antihistamine, antiallergic: TYPE II  and IV (delayed) hypersensitivities, including food allergies. The biochemical composition of atlas cedar essential oil is characterized by its high levels of sesquiterpenes. This gives the oil its ability to act as an antihistaminic and antiallergenic, and is often prescribed as a treatment for allergies, hay fever, itchy skin, coughs, and bronchitis. As a decongestant and detoxifier; it activates both blood and lymphatic circulation.
• Basil – Ocimum basilicum-  moderate antiallergic: TYPE I allergies, including allergic asthma, dermatitis, colitis, duodenitis, gastritis, cholecystitis, prostatitis, The Internet Journal of Pharmacology published a study showing that basil also acts as an antihistamine in reducing the body’s allergy response. The researchers concluded that basil has potent benefits in the treatment of asthma and related conditions.
• Bergamot – Citrus bergamia – Bergamot, a citrus fruit essential oil with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, can be used to treat allergy symptoms and get relief from asthma. One study from 2010 found that oil extracted from bergamot was effective in relieving cough, asthmatic symptoms, and reducing phlegm in cases of bronchial asthma. In the study, inhalation with bergamot oil was used to treat symptoms of asthma.
• Blue Cypress – Callitris intratropica – is essentially a relaxing, cooling remedy, being valued mostly for its anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, analgesic and antipruritic actions in treating immediate allergies such as dermatitis with itching, insect bite allergies and insect stings.
• Blue Tansy – Tanacetum annuum – TYPE I – strong antiallergic, antihistamine: immediate, allergies, including atopic asthma, rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis, pruritic atopic dermatitis, urticaria. Blue tansy is additionally a strong anti-inflammatory and antihistamine oil that will address the inflammatory component of asthma. The common relaxant action on bronchial smooth muscle is enhanced resulting in a more comprehensive treatment of asthmatic conditions. Known for neutralizing histamine and helping to control allergic reactions. Key constituents such as sabinene and camphor contribute to blue tansy’s anti-inflammatory properties, including its ability to counteract allergic discomfort by reducing the levels of histamine in the body. It helps enhance the properties of the other oils in a blend and will help you relax your mind and body.
• Caraway – Carum carvi – (mild to moderate antihistamine ?) This oil has anti-histamine properties. A bad cough is not always caused by a viral infection, sometimes, a cough is triggered by histamine. There are many people who suffer from seasonal allergies, and they cough almost endlessly. Caraway oil can be miraculously helpful by neutralizing the effects of histamine and silence these potentially dangerous coughs and other ailments associated with histamines and allergies. Caraway is a good alternative to over-the-counter anti-histamine medications. Caraway oil can help reduce the body’s histamine load giving relief to stuffiness and coughing along with reducing inflammation.
• Clove Bud – Syzygium aromaticum / Eugenia caryophyllata – moderate antihistamine: TYPE I allergic disorders. Clove does much more to help reduce the severity of allergic reactions. Its antimicrobial properties can disinfect germs from work surfaces, destroy mites that can cause allergies, boost your immune system, and rid your body of free radicals. In a medical journal examining the anti-inflammatory effects of clove oil, it was reported that it has compounds that can help to inhibit inflammatory responses. The study found that the compound eugenol in clove oil can help to treat asthma, allergic rhinitis, and psoriasis.
• Eucalyptus – Eucalyptus globulus – Eucalyptus oil has numerous benefits for allergy relief. For example, doctors on WebMD say that eucalyptus oil is used to reduce swelling of the respiratory tract mucous membranes, treat coughs, reduce symptoms of asthma, ease sinus pain, and clear respiratory infections. Diluted eucalyptus essential oil can also be used topically to reduce nasal stuffiness.
• Fennel – Foeniculum vulgare – The oil is good for hypotensive for hypertension conditions, a topical analgesic, and antihistamine for relief of allergic dermatitis with pruritus, and other painful skin conditions.
• Frankincense – Boswellia carterii or B. frereana – A study into using a combination of frankincense essential oil and other essential oils found that it helped to reduce symptoms of allergic rhinitis; frankincense was combined with sandalwood and Ravensara oil. Frankincense contains a compound called alpha-pinene which reduces allergic symptoms.
• German Chamomile – Matricaria recutita or Matricaria chamomilla – moderate antiallergic/antihistamine: allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, asthma, dermatitis. Two of the oil’s key constituents, azulene and bisabolol, have both shown anti-inflammatory, antihistamine and spasmolytic actions. Whereas Roman chamomile excels at treating the spasm and pain aspect of this allergic syndrome, German chamomile focuses on the reduction of inflammation both acute and chronic, regardless of cause. Although less reliable in its antihistamine action than Blue tansy, it can also help relieve a myriad immediate allergies, wherever found. Inhaling chamomile essential oil can also provide a calming effect on your respiratory system when you are suffering from sneezing, blocked sinuses, or excess phlegm. A study from 2010 found that chamomile oil topically applied with a carrier helped to soothe symptoms of atopic dermatitis and has an anti-histamine effect on the skin.
• Grindelia Grindelia squarrosa – appears to aid allergenic attacks, not only by relieving the symptoms but in creating anti-bodies to reduce episodes and their severity of the attacks
• Helichrysum – Helichrysum italicum / Helichrysum angustifolia – TYPE I anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, antiallergic: allergic dermatitis, allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis; sinusitis, conjunctivitis, food allergies, phlebitis, polyarthritis. Use Helichrysum with Blue Tansy.
• Lavender – Lavandula angustifolia – moderate antihistamine, antiallergic: allergic dermatitis, asthma, rhinitis, etc. Known for its anti-histamine properties, lavender helps reduce inflammation, stress and tension, calm the mind and enhance the other oils in this blend for optimal effectiveness. An animal study conducted in South Korea showed lavender inhibits histamine and inflammatory protein release from mast cells. These results indicate that lavender oil inhibits immediate-type allergic reactions by inhibition of mast cell degranulation in-vivo and in-vitro. Additional research found the medicinal compounds in lavender oil, and especially its component linalool, help to inhibit the production of histamine and suppress inflammatory responses in the airways. The journal Life Sciences reported how the anti-inflammatory effect of lavender essential oil can treat the complications of bronchial asthma. The medicinal compounds in lavender oil help to inhibit the production of histamine and suppress inflammatory responses in the airways. The scientists described lavender oil as “an alternative medicine for bronchial asthma.” Lavender can also be used to treat allergic skin reactions. A study from 2003 found that, as well as anti-inflammatory properties, lavender also helps to reduce pain. In clinical trials, lavender helped to reduce skin irritation and speed up the healing process.
• Lemon – Citrus limon – TYPE I –The Journal International Scholarly Research Notices reported that a nasal preparation based on lemon essential oil helped to alleviate the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. The lemon oil remedy helped to reduce nasal mucus and helped treat throat and mouth inflammation. The researchers found that a lemon-based nasal spray is a good alternative to treat perennial and seasonal allergic reactions.
• Lemongrass – West Indian: Cymbopogon citratus, East Indian: Cymbopogon flexuosus – Lemongrass essential oil is a natural antiallergy treatment for getting rid of allergy symptoms like sneezing, wheezing, and a stuffy or a runny nose. Lemongrass grows in warm climates and has a scent similar to lemons. Inhaling a lemongrass infusion can help to reduce inflammatory complications in the respiratory tract. Lemongrass essential oil is also antifungal and helps to kill off pathogens that can aggravate allergic reactions. The International Journal of Molecular Medicine discovered that compounds in lemongrass essential oil had an anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effect. Inhaling lemongrass oil can help reduce an overactive immune response in the body. Other studies into the therapeutic effect of lemongrass found that it can help reduce skin inflammation and fungal infections both when applied topically and when inhaled.
• Manuka – Leptospermum scoparium – This amazing oil from New Zealand is known to quickly and easily reduce the production of histamine, relax the nervous system and support a reduction in systemic inflammation. A German study published in 2000 demonstrated that this powerful essential oil could destroy a wide variety of bacteria fungi and yeast. This is important in terms of allergic reaction because these dangerous microbes can cause inflammation and also cause the immune response to overreact. Manuka honey is created by bees after pollinating the flowers of the Manuka plant. Manuka essential oil shares many of the properties of the honey. Additional research out of the United Kingdom found that Manuka honey was found to inhibit mast cell degranulation.
• Melissa (Lemon Balm) – Melissa officinalis – has antihistamine action and is useful to treat eczema and headaches. This essential oil has antihistamine properties and helps with allergies.
• Niaouli – Melaleuca quinquenervia  – anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antihistamine: TYPE I allergy conditions, including rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and asthma, prostatitis, colitis, duodenitis, gastritis, cystitis. Niaouli is not only an important anti-inflammatory and analgesic for rheumatic conditions, but also specifically antihistamine in most TYPE-I allergies. The list of these Type I allergies has grown over the last decade and includes allergic cystitis, prostatitis and gut inflammations, in addition to the more familiar dermatitis and rhinitis.
• Nutmeg – Myristica fragrans – anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, immune regulator,  allergic and autoimmune disorders, incl. Crohn’s disease
• Peppermint – Mentha piperita – Flavonoids contained in peppermint were found to have a potent inhibitory effect on excessive histamine release from mast cells. The menthol constituent helps support throat infections, colds and flu along with asthma, bronchitis, and sinusitis. Research on, “the anti-inflammatory activity of L-menthol compared to mint oil in human monocytes in vitro: a novel perspective for its therapeutic use in inflammatory diseases,” found that menthol is an effective treatment for chronic inflammatory conditions like allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that peppermint oil has an antispasmodic effect on the windpipe muscles and has “expectorant actions and is anti-congestive.”  An expectorant which is great at clearing your airways and soothing inflammation, peppermint oil can also help to quickly clear blocked sinuses and ease nasal congestion caused by allergies. Inhaling peppermint essential oil will reduce the amount of phlegm and help you breathe easier. Studies into the anti-allergy effects of peppermint oil have confirmed that it reduces inflammation in the respiratory system. The European Journal of Medical Research reported that menthol oil (a component of peppermint oil) has anti-inflammatory properties. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that peppermint oil has an anti-spasmodic effect on the windpipe muscles and has “expectorant actions and is anti-congestive.” It can also soothe coughs, clear sinuses, and relieve the symptoms of bronchitis.
• Ravensara – Cinnamonum camphora – Known to reduce allergic reactions and fight inflammation. A 2016 study published in the journal of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that inhalation of ravensara essential oil reduces the allergic reactions, helps your body build resistance and modulates reactions to allergenic substances. Ravensara is also an expectorant that helps strengthen the lungs and the respiratory system. Components of Ravensara, like limonene and methyl eugenol, help support the immune system by preventing bacterial and fungal infections. Ravensara inhibits the growth of fungus, including mold, and even kills their spores.
• Roman Chamomile – Chamaemelum nobile/Anthemis nobilis: – is a natural antihistamine, noted for its soothing effects and its anti-inflammatory properties moderate antihistamine. Roman Chamomile is anti-allergic for conditions of immediate allergy, including dermatitis, atopic asthma, urticaria, rhinitis, etc.. A 2010 study published in Molecular Medicine Reports found it helps balance and inhibit excessive histamine responses. The study highlighted the benefit of topically applying Chamomile essential oil as its anti-inflammatory properties” penetrate below the skin surface into the deeper skin layers” to calm inflammation and amplify healing. Similar research suggests that the methanol extract of Chamomile showed potent anti-allergic activity by inhibition of histamine release from mast cells. Inhaling chamomile essential oil can also provide a calming effect on your respiratory system if you are suffering from sneezing, blocked sinuses, or excess phlegm.
• Rosemary – Rosmarinus officinalis ct. Camphor – Known for its histamine lowering/mast cell stabilizing properties, Rosemary naturally alleviates allergic responses, relieves stress and stimulates the immune system. A small study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacol suggested that rosemary essential oil can inhibit muscle contractions of the trachea caused by histamine, thus reducing coughing and other asthmatic symptoms.  Rosemary essential oil has an antihistamine-like effect on the body and can help to alleviate allergic responses.  
• Sandalwood – Santalum album – Sandalwood essential oil has been found to lower your body’s response to allergies thanks to its antihistamine properties.  If you suffer from pet allergies, dust allergies, or allergic rhinitis, then sandalwood essential oil has benefits that can help relieve your symptoms. Sandalwood helps to reduce the effect of allergens and reaction of antibodies in your system. When you breathe in sandalwood vapors, the compounds in the oil help to inhibit allergic responses that cause a runny nose, stuffiness, and mucus. The journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine reported about the effectiveness of sandalwood in treating allergic rhinitis. An oil containing sandalwood, geranium and almond oil was massaged daily for 5 minutes a day for 7 days. At the end of the study, the group showed “significant improvements” in their allergy symptoms. The patients also reported having more energy and enjoying a better quality of life.
• Spikenard – Nardostachys jatamansi – Skin allergies have also responded well to its anti-inflammatory and antihistamine actions, including with topical preparations.
• Spruce –Tsuga Canadensis – Derived from the leaves of the spruce tree, Spruce essential oil is high in camphene, a monoterpene known as a powerful mucolytic that is beneficial for inflammatory respiratory issues. It safeguards your respiratory tract from airborne viruses and pollution which helps break up excessive mucus and congestion to support the treatment of colds, flu, and other respiratory infections. Camphene is also a powerful antioxidant that also adds to its therapeutic benefits. Spruce also contains high levels of the chemical components a-pinene and bornyl acetate which give Spruce essential oil its anti-inflammatory, antihistamine and analgesic properties. Spruce essential oil has a high content of esters, which contributes to its balancing and antispasmodic properties which is why it is often added to saunas, hot baths and massages.
• Tarragon – Artemisia dracunculus – antiallergic, antihistamine: TYPE I allergies, including allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, asthma, dermatitis, colitis, duodenitis, gastritis, cholecystitis, prostatitis, cystitis. What truly distinguishes Tarragon from Basil ct. methylchavicol is its anti-inflammatory effect that shines in acute TYPE I allergic conditions.
• Tea Tree – Melaleuca alternifolia – antihistamine, anti-allergic: conditions of immediate allergy, including dermatitis, atopic asthma, urticaria, rhinitis, etc. Other studies have shown that tea tree oil is anti-inflammatory and clinical trials showed that tea tree oil reduces skin swelling thanks to its antihistamine effect.
• Thyme – Thymus vulgaris/ Thymus zygis – Thyme is another essential oil that has allergy-fighting properties. Thyme oil works by helping to inhibit inflammatory responses in the body and kill off any fungal or bacterial infections. The Journal of Obesity reports that thyme extracts are used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma and bronchitis. This is thanks to the antispasmodic, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral properties of thyme. The report also mentioned that thyme can help boost cardiovascular health, therefore using thyme oil is also a natural way to prevent heart attacks.
• Vetiver – Vetivera zizanioides – To help modulate a histamine response, root oils like vetiver help ground the body, thus anchoring the immune system and helping to balance excessive immune responses. Vetiver has been found to reduce and relieve inflammation, especially in relation to your circulatory and nervous system. A 2005 study published in the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry showed that vetiver oil was high in antioxidants that possessed free radical scavenging benefits, which can help boost your immune system.
• Yarrow – Achillea millefolium – antiallergic, antihistamine, tissue-regenerative (mucosal and dermal): atopic eczema/dermatitis, shingles, sinusitis, otitis, cystitis, intestinal hyperpermeability with food allergies.

REFERENCES:

• Aromatica: A Clinical Guide to Essential Oil Therapeutics (Vol. 1 & 2) by Peter Holmes LAc, MH
• Reference Guide for Essential Oils by Connie and Alan Higley
• The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils by Julia Lawless
• Essential Oils for Histamine Balance, by Jodi Cohen, Vibrant Blue Oils Websitehttps://vibrantblueoils.com/essential-oils-for-histamine-balance/
• Araki Y, Kakegawa T, Stadil F. Mast cells and histamine release in Crohn’s disease. Kurume Med J. 1993;40(3):93-9. doi: 10.2739/kurumemedj.40.93. PMID: 8139217. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8139217/

• Science Lucia Fernandez-Novoa, Ramon Cacabelos of Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute for CNS Disorders, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Bergondo 15166, La Coruña, Spain , Histamine function in brain disorders, Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 124, Issue 2, 2001,Pages 213-233, ISSN 0166-4328, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00215-7. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432801002157)
• Can Histamine Intolerance Cause Anxiety? Dr. Becky Campbell, Funnctional Medicine Website:  https://drbeckycampbell.com/can-histamine-intolerance-cause-anxiety/
• Katherine M. Nautiyal, Ana C. Ribeiro, Donald W. Pfaff pfaff@mail.rockefeller.edu, and Rae Silver qr@columbia.eduAuthors, November 18, 2008, Brain mast cells link the immune system to anxiety-like behavior, The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 105 (46) 18053-18057, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809479105 https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0809479105
• Ueno-Iio T, Shibakura M, Yokota K, Aoe M, Hyoda T, Shinohata R, Kanehiro A, Tanimoto M, Kataoka M. Lavender essential oil inhalation suppresses allergic airway inflammation and mucous cell hyperplasia in a murine model of asthma. Life Sci. 2014 Jul 17;108(2):109-15. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.05.018. Epub 2014 Jun 5. PMID: 24909715.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24909715/
• Koulivand PH, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorji A. Lavender and the nervous system. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:681304. doi: 10.1155/2013/681304. Epub 2013 Mar 14. PMID: 23573142; PMCID: PMC3612440.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3612440/
• Chandrashekhar VM, Halagali KS, Nidavani RB, Shalavadi MH, Biradar BS, Biswas D, Muchchandi IS. Anti-allergic activity of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) in mast cell mediated allergy model. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Sep 1;137(1):336-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.029. Epub 2011 May 31. PMID: 21651969.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21651969/

• The 11 Best Essential Oils for Allergies, by Emily Belfiore, 2021, WWW Women’s Wear Daily https://wwd.com/shop/shop-beauty/best-essential-oils-for-allergies-1234713698/
• Allergies Resource Center, Overview, WebMd.com, https://www.webmd.com/allergies/default.htm
• Allergies: Basic Info You Need to Know, 2022, WebMd.com https://www.webmd.com/allergies/allergy-basics.
• Top 15 Proven Essential Oils for Allergies (Backed by Science), Jenny Hills, Nutritionist and Medical Writer October 11, 2014, Healthy and Natural World Website, https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/essential-oils-for-allergy-relief/
• Proven Uses and Benefits of Peppermint Oil (Peppermint Essential Oil) Backed by Medical Studies, Jenny Hills, Nutritionist and Medical Writer December 17, 2018, Healthy and Natural World Website, https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/peppermint-essential-oil-uses-and-benefits/
• Get Rid of Throat Mucus Faster With These Home Treatments (Evidence Based), Jenny Hills, Nutritionist and Medical Writer January 21, 2019, Healthy and Natural World Website, https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/mucus-in-throat/
• Juergens UR, Stöber M, Vetter H. The anti-inflammatory activity of L-menthol compared to mint oil in human monocytes in vitro: a novel perspective for its therapeutic use in inflammatory diseases. Eur J Med Res. 1998 Dec 16;3(12):539-45. PMID: 9889172. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9889172/
• de Sousa AA, Soares PM, de Almeida AN, Maia AR, de Souza EP, Assreuy AM. Antispasmodic effect of Mentha piperita essential oil on tracheal smooth muscle of rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Jul 20;130(2):433-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.012. Epub 2010 May 19. PMID: 20488237. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20488237/
• Ueno-Iio T, Shibakura M, Yokota K, Aoe M, Hyoda T, Shinohata R, Kanehiro A, Tanimoto M, Kataoka M. Lavender essential oil inhalation suppresses allergic airway inflammation and mucous cell hyperplasia in a murine model of asthma. Life Sci. 2014 Jul 17;108(2):109-15. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.05.018. Epub 2014 Jun 5. PMID: 24909715.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24909715
• Hajhashemi V, Ghannadi A, Sharif B. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the leaf extracts and essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Nov;89(1):67-71. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00234-4. PMID: 14522434. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14522434/
• Lee SH, Heo Y, Kim YC. Effect of German chamomile oil application on alleviating atopic dermatitis-like immune alterations in mice. J Vet Sci. 2010 Mar;11(1):35-41. doi: 10.4142/jvs.2010.11.1.35. PMID: 20195063; PMCID: PMC2833428.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2833428/
• Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley TV. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006 Jan;19(1):50-62. doi: 10.1128/CMR.19.1.50-62.2006. PMID: 16418522; PMCID: PMC1360273. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360273/
• Lydia Ferrara, Daniele Naviglio, Arturo Armone Caruso, “Cytological Aspects on the Effects of a Nasal Spray Consisting of Standardized Extract of Citrus Lemon and Essential Oils in Allergic Rhinopathy”, International Scholarly Research Notices, vol. 2012, Article ID 404606, 6 pages, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/404606 https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2012/404606/abs/
• Boukhatem MN, Ferhat MA, Kameli A, Saidi F, Kebir HT. Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as a potent anti-inflammatory and antifungal drugs. Libyan J Med. 2014 Sep 19;9(1):25431. doi: 10.3402/ljm.v9.25431. PMID: 25242268; PMCID: PMC4170112.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25242268
• J App Clin Ped. 2010-04. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-SYQK201004029.htm (link does not work, requested new link 16 Feb 2023
• Eucalyptus – Uses, Side Effects, and More, WebMd.com   https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-700/eucalyptus
• Choi SY, Park K. Effect of Inhalation of Aromatherapy Oil on Patients with Perennial Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:7896081. doi: 10.1155/2016/7896081. Epub 2016 Mar 13. Erratum in: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:2103616. PMID: 27034695; PMCID: PMC4808543. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808543/ 
• Ocaña A, Reglero G. Effects of Thyme Extract Oils (from Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis, and Thymus hyemalis) on Cytokine Production and Gene Expression of oxLDL-Stimulated THP-1-Macrophages. J Obes. 2012;2012:104706. doi: 10.1155/2012/104706. Epub 2012 Apr 17. PMID: 22577523; PMCID: PMC3345235.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345235/
• Choi SY, Park K. Effect of Inhalation of Aromatherapy Oil on Patients with Perennial Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:7896081. doi: 10.1155/2016/7896081. Epub 2016 Mar 13. Erratum in: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:2103616. PMID: 27034695; PMCID: PMC4808543. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808543/
• Raghavenra H, Diwakr BT, Lokesh BR, Naidu KA. Eugenol–the active principle from cloves inhibits 5-lipoxygenase activity and leukotriene-C4 in human PMNL cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006 Jan;74(1):23-7. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.08.006. Epub 2005 Oct 7. PMID: 16216483. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16216483
• Aqel MB. Relaxant effect of the volatile oil of Rosmarinus officinalis on tracheal smooth muscle. J Ethnopharmacol. 1991 May-Jun;33(1-2):57-62. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(91)90161-6. PMID: 1943174. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1943174/
• G Sridevi, P Gopkumar, S Ashok, C Shastry. Pharmacological Basis For Antianaphylactic, Antihistaminic And Mast Cell Stabilization Activity Of Ocimum Sanctum. The Internet Journal of Pharmacology. 2008 Volume 7 Number 1.  http://ispub.com/IJPHARM/7/1/6038
• 15 Best Benefits of Caraway Essential Oil, Organic Facts, Meenakshi Nagdeve, Co-Founder, Organic Facts is a health and wellness enthusiast and is responsible for managing it. She has completed the Nutrition And Healthy Living Cornell Certificate Program, Cornell University, US. https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/essential-oils/health-benefits-of-caraway-essential-oil.html
• How To Use Caraway Oil For Bloating, Digestive Issues & Better Health!, Enjoy Natural Health, https://www.enjoynaturalhealth.com/how-to-use-caraway-oil-for-bloating-digestive-issues-better-health/
• 15 Impressive Benefits of Caraway Essential Oil, Natural Food Series.com, Michael Jessimy on October 11, 2021, Reg. Pharmacist, Bodybuilder, Nutrition Consultant, Fitness Pro. https://www.naturalfoodseries.com/15-benefits-caraway-essential-oil/
• Bonnie House, https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100021298466045, https://www.bonniehouse.com/
• Chandrashekhar, V. M., et al. (2011). Anti-allergic activity of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) in mast cell mediated allergy model. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 137(1), 336-340.
• Chen, Bing-Hung, et al. (2009). Antiallergic potential on RBL-2H3 cells of some phenolic constituents of Zingiber Officinale (Ginger). Journal of Natural Products, 72(5), 950-953.
• Kath, R., & Gupta, R. (2012). Comparison of Efficacy Of Ocimum Sanctum Against Gastric And Duodenal Ulcers In Animals. The Internet Journal of Gastroenterology. 11(1).
• Khair-ul-Bariyah, S & Ahmed, Dildar & Aujla, Muhammad. (2012). Ocimum Basilicum: A Review on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies. Pakistan Journal of Chemistry. 2. 78-85. 10.15228/2012.v02.i02.p05.
• Kim, H. M. & Cho, S. H. (1999). Lavender oil inhibits immediate-type allergic reaction in mice and rats. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 51(2), 221-226. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 Feb;51(2):221-6. doi: 10.1211/0022357991772178. PMID: 10217323. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10217323
• Sridevi, G., Gopkumar, P., Ashok, S., & Shastry, C. (2008). Pharmacological Basis For Antianaphylactic, Antihistaminic And Mast Cell Stabilization Activity Of Ocimum Sanctum. The Internet Journal of Pharmacology, 7(1).
• Tisserand, R. (2013). Essential Oil Safety. London, UK:
• Churchill Livingstone. Watanabe, Jun, Hiroshi Shinmoto, and Tojiro Tsushida. (2005). Coumarin and flavone derivatives from estragon and thyme as inhibitors of chemical mediator release from RBL-2H3 cells, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, 69(1), 1-6. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1271/bbb.69.1#.VfJc6WSqqko
• Zhou HL1, Deng YM, Xie QM. (2006). The modulatory effects of the volatile oil of ginger on the cellular immune response in vitro and in vivo in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 105(1-2), 301-5. Epub 2005 Dec 9. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16338110
• Healing Histamine, Essential Oils for Histamine Intolerance? These Are Your Best Bet, https://healinghistamine.com/blog/essential-oils-for-histamine-intolerance-these-are-your-best-bet/
• Acu Finder Website, Andrew Pacholyk, MS, L.Ac is a licensed acupuncturist and certified herbalist with a full time practice in New York City. Andrew specializes in rejuvenating therapies based in the ancient Chinese Medical approach to Endocrinology, Gynecology and Pain Management. https://www.acufinder.com/Acupuncture+Information/Detail/Natural+Antihistamine+Herbs
• Types of Types of Allergic Reactions (Source: https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_four_types_of_allergic_reactions/article.htm
• Types of Allergies, https://aafa.org/allergies/types-of-allergies/
• Allergic Contact Dermatitis, Dr. Amanda Oakley, DermNet.com, Hamilton, New Zealand, 1997. https://dermnetnz.org/topics/allergic-contact-dermatitis
• Autrel-Moignet A, Lamy T. Autoimmune neutropenia. Presse Med. 2014 Apr;43(4 Pt 2):e105-18. doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.02.007. Epub 2014 Mar 27. PMID: 24680423. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24680423/
• Brucculeri M, Charlton M, Serur D. Serum sickness-like reaction associated with cefazolin. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Feb 23;6:3. doi: 10.1186/1472-6904-6-3. PMID: 16504095; PMCID: PMC1397863. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16504095/
• Illustration, by OpenStax College – Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013., CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30148349
• Hanauer SB, Wagner CL, Bala M, Mayer L, Travers S, Diamond RH, Olson A, Bao W, Rutgeerts P. Incidence and importance of antibody responses to infliximab after maintenance or episodic treatment in Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 Jul;2(7):542-53.
• Vermeire S, Van Assche G, Rutgeerts P. Serum sickness, encephalitis and other complications of anti-cytokine therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;23(1):101-12.
• Schaeffer TH, Khatri V, Reifler LM, Lavonas EJ. Incidence of immediate hypersensitivity reaction and serum sickness following administration of Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab antivenom: a meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2012 Feb;19(2):121-31
• Rixe N, Tavarez MM. Serum Sickness. [Updated 2022 Aug 29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538312/
• Marwa K, Kondamudi NP. Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction. [Updated 2022 Aug 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562228/
• Sommer S, Wilkinson SM, Beck MH, English JS, Gawkrodger DJ, Green C. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions to natural rubber latex: results of a multicentre study. Br J Dermatol. 2002 Jan;146(1):114-7.

“I am the Door; anyone who enters through Me [Lord Jesus Christ] will be saved [and will live forever], and will go in and out [freely], and find pasture [spiritual security]. The thief comes only in order to steal and kill and destroy. I came that they may have and enjoy life, and have it in abundance [to the full, till it overflows].”  “Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.”  John 10:9-11 (AMP) Philippians 1:2

Til next time,